Home  ›  Kurdish Armies Are Praised for Fight Agains Isil

Kurdish Armies Are Praised for Fight Agains Isil

Written By Saturday, April 23, 2022 Add Comment Edit

Mainly-Kurdish militia in Syrian arab republic

People's Defense Units
Yekîneyên Parastina Gel (YPG)
‏وحدات حماية الشعب‎‎
YPG insignia.jpg

YPG gen-com emblem
Active 2011–present
Allegiance Kurdish Supreme Committee (2011–2013)[one]
Rojava (2013–present)[2]
Blazon Light infantry militia with several motorised battalions
Size 135,000 (Including YPJ, 2017 guess) [iii]
Office of Syrian Democratic Forces
Engagements Syrian Civil War/Rojava conflict
  • 2012 Rojava campaign
  • Battle of Aleppo
    • Northern Aleppo offensive (February 2016)
  • Al-Hasakah Governorate campaign (2012–13)
    • Battle of Ras al-Ayn
    • Battle of al-Yaarubiyah
  • Battle of Tell Abyad (2013)
  • Siege of Kobanî
  • Al-Hasakah offensive
  • Battle of Sarrin
  • Tell Abyad offensive
  • Battle of Al-Hasakah
  • Al-Hawl offensive
  • Tishrin Dam offensive
  • Al-Shaddadi offensive
  • Boxing of Tell Abyad (2016)
  • Northern Raqqa offensive
  • Manbij offensive
  • Battle of al-Hasakah (2016)
  • Functioning Euphrates Shield
  • Western al-Bab offensive (Oct–November 2016)
  • Raqqa campaign (2016–2017)
  • Performance Olive Branch
  • Eastern Syria Insurgency
  • 2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria

Iraqi Ceremonious State of war

  • 2014 Sinjar offensive
  • 2015 Sinjar offensive
Website Official website
Commanders
General Commander Mahmoud Berkhadan
Spokesperson Nuri Mahmoud
Notable
commanders		 Zainab Afrin

Nalîn Dêrik

Sozdar Dêrik

Serhildan Garisî

Rêdûr Khalil

Military unit

Military situation in the Syrian Ceremonious War in Nov 2015

Military situation in January 2019

The People'southward Defense Units, also chosen People's Protection Units (Kurdish: Yekîneyên Parastina Gel, یەکینەیێن پاراستنا گەل (YPG) pronounced [jɛkiːnɛjeːn pɑːɾɑːstɯnɑː ɡɛl]; Arabic: وحدات حماية الشعب, romanized: Waḥdāt Ḥimāyat aš-Šaʽb ), is a mainly-Kurdish militia in Syria and the primary component of the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF).[four] [5] The YPG generally consists of ethnic Kurds, but too includes Arabs and foreign volunteers; information technology is closely allied to the Syriac Armed services Council, an Assyrian militia. The YPG was formed in 2011. It expanded rapidly in the Syrian Civil War and came to predominate over other armed Syrian Kurdish groups. A sis militia, the Women's Protection Units (YPJ), fights alongside them. The YPG is active in the Democratic Assistants of North and East Syria (Rojava), peculiarly in its Kurdish regions.

In early 2015, the grouping won a major victory over the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) during the siege of Kobanî, where the YPG began to receive air and basis support from the U.s.a. and other Combined Articulation Task Strength – Functioning Inherent Resolve militaries. Since then, the YPG has primarily fought against ISIL, too every bit on occasion fighting other Syrian rebel groups and the Turkish Armed services.[6] In belatedly 2015, the YPG became part of the SDF, an umbrella group intended to better contain Arabs and minorities into the war effort. In 2016–2017, the SDF'southward Raqqa campaign led to the liberation of the city of Raqqa, the Islamic Land'southward de facto capital letter. Several western sources have described the YPG as the "almost effective" force in fighting ISIL in Syria.[7] [8]

A calorie-free infantry force, the YPG has limited military equipment and few armoured vehicles. The YPG and affiliated groups are designated as terrorist organizations by only Turkey and Qatar.[ix]

History [edit]

2004: Early origins [edit]

Kurdish youth attempted to unify themselves following the 2004 Qamishli riots. The riots began every bit clashes between rivaling football game fans earlier taking a political plough, with Arab fans raising pictures of Saddam Hussein while the Kurdish fans reportedly proclaimed "We volition cede our lives for Bush". This resulted in clashes between the 2 groups who attacked each other with sticks, stones and knives. Government security forces entered the city to quell the anarchism, firing at the crowds. The riots resulted in around 36 dead, near of them Kurds.

They did non, however, emerge as a pregnant force until the Syrian civil war erupted in 2011.[10] [xi]

2011: Institution [edit]

The self-defence committees that were to become the YPG were formed in July and August of 2011 as the Self Protection units (YXG).[12]

Existing secret Kurdish political parties, the Autonomous Union Party (PYD) and the Kurdish National Quango (KNC), joined to form the Kurdish Supreme Committee (KSC) and established the People's Protection Units (YPG) militia to defend Kurdish-inhabited areas in northern Syria, i.e. Syrian Kurdistan and the Kurdish enclave of Sheikh Maqsood in Aleppo.[13] [one] Originally a wholly Kurdish forcefulness, the YPG began to recruit Arabs from at least 2012.[14]

July 2012: Command of Kurdish areas [edit]

In July 2012, the YPG had a standoff with Syrian government forces in the Kurdish metropolis of Kobanî and the surrounding areas. Afterwards negotiations, government forces withdrew and the YPG took control of Kobanî, Amuda, and Afrin.[1] [15]

By December 2012, information technology had expanded to eight brigades, which were formed in Qamishlo, Kobanî, and Ras al-Ayn (Serê Kaniyê), and in the districts of Afrin, al-Malikiyah, and al-Bab.[sixteen]

Late 2012: Islamist attacks make YPG dominant [edit]

The YPG did not initially accept an offensive posture in the Syrian Civil War. Aiming mostly to defend Kurdish-majority areas, it avoided engaging Syrian government forces, which nonetheless controlled several enclaves in Kurdish territory. The YPG inverse this policy when Ras al-Ayn was taken by the al-Qaeda-affiliated al-Nusra Front end. At commencement the YPG conquered the surrounding authorities-controlled areas: al-Darbasiyah (Kurdish: Dirbêsî), Tel Tamer and al-Malikiyah (Kurdish: Dêrika Hemko). The subsequent Battle of Ras al-Ayn started in earnest when on 19 November 2012, the al-Nusra Front and a second al-Qaeda chapter, Ghuraba al-Sham, attacked Kurdish positions in the town. The boxing ended with a YPG victory in July 2013.[17]

While many rebel groups clashed with the YPG, jihadist and Salafist groups did so the near often.[18] The YPG proved to be the just Kurdish militia able to effectively resist the fundamentalists.[19] While the YPG protected the Kurdish communities it was able to excerpt a price: it prevented the emergence of new, rival militias and forced existing ones to cooperate with or join the YPG forces on its terms.[20] This was how the Islamist attacks enabled the YPG to unite the Syrian Kurds under its banner[21] and caused[22] it to become the de facto army of the Syrian Kurds.[23] [24] [25] [26]

2013: Kurdish control of al-Yaarubiyah/Til Koçer [edit]

In October 2013, YPG fighters took control of al-Yaarubiyah (Til Koçer) following intense clashes with ISIL. The clashes lasted most 3 days, with the Til Koçer border gate to Iraq existence taken in a major offensive launched on the night of 24 October.[27] PYD leader Salih Muslim told Stêrk TV that this success created an culling against efforts to concord the territory under embargo,[27] referring to the fact that the other edge crossings with Republic of iraq led to areas controlled by the Kurdistan Regional Government, while al-Yaarubiyah led to areas controlled past the Iraqi central government.

2014: Fight against ISIL [edit]

YPG-controlled territory, Feb 2014

In 2014, the Syriac Military Council, a grouping of Assyrian units, was formally integrated into the YPG'southward command construction.

The inter-insubordinate conflict during the Syrian Ceremonious State of war led to open up war between the Free Syrian Army and ISIL in January 2014. The YPG collaborated with FSA groups to fight ISIL in Raqqa province;[28] the grouping also formed an operations room with multiple FSA factions, called Euphrates Volcano.[29] However, the general outcome of this entrada was a massive accelerate by ISIL, which effectively separated the eastern function of Rojava from the main forcefulness of FSA rebels. ISIL followed up on its success by attacking the YPG and the FSA in Kobanî Canton in March and fighting its way to the gates of the city of Kobanî in September. The actual siege of Kobanî approximately coincided with an escalation in the American-led intervention in Syria. This intervention had started with aiding the FSA confronting the government, but when the FSA was getting defeated by ISIL in eastern Syrian arab republic, information technology escalated to bombing ISIL on Syrian territory.

With the earth fearing another massacre in Kobanî, American back up increased substantially. The US gave intense close air support to the YPG, and in doing and then, started military cooperation with ane of the factions. While information technology expected that ISIL would quickly vanquish the YPG and the FSA, this alliance was not considered a trouble for the US.[xxx] The YPG won the battle in early 2015.

Meanwhile, the state of affairs had been stable in Afrin and Aleppo. The fight between the FSA and ISIL had led to a normalization in the relations betwixt FSA and YPG since the end of 2013. In February 2015, the YPG signed a judicial understanding with the Levant Front end in Aleppo.[31]

Spring 2015: Offensive operations with coalition support [edit]

YPG-controlled territory, June 2015

The YPG was able and willing to offensively engage and put pressure on ISIL and had built upwardly a track record every bit a reliable armed forces partner of the US. In 2015, the YPG began its advance on Tel Abyad, a move they take planned for since November 2013.[32] With American close air support, offensives about Hasakah and from Hasakah westward culminated in the conquest of Tell Abyad, linking upward Kobanî with Hasakah in July 2015. With the capture of Tell Abyad, the YPG has likewise broken a major supply route of fighters and appurtenances for the Islamic Country.[33]

With these offensives, the YPG had begun to make advances into areas that did not always have a Kurdish majority. When the YPG and the FSA entered the border town of Tell Abyad in June 2015, parts of the population fled the intense fighting and the airstrikes.[34]

Fall 2015: foundation of the SDF [edit]

The Syrian Autonomous Forces was established in Hasakah on xi Oct 2015.[35] [36] It has its origins in the YPG-FSA collaboration confronting ISIL, which had previously led to the establishment of the Euphrates Volcano joint operations room in 2014. Many of the partners are the same, and even the logo / flag with the Blue Euphrates symbol has mutual traits with that of Euphrates Volcano. The master departure is that Euphrates Volcano was limited to coordinating the activities of independent Kurdish and Arab groups, while the SDF is a unmarried organisation made upward of Kurds, Arabs, and Assyrians.

The first success of the SDF was the capture of the strategic ethnically Arab town of al-Hawl from ISIL during the al-Hawl offensive in Nov 2015. This was followed in December by the Tishrin Dam offensive. The dam was captured on 26 December. Participating forces included the YPG, the FSA group Army of Revolutionaries, the tribal group al-Sanadid Forces and the Assyrian Syriac Armed forces Quango. The coalition had some heavy weapons and was supported by intense US led airstrikes.[37] The capture of the hydroelectric dam also had positive effects on the economy of Rojava.[38]

2016 [edit]

In February, the YPG-led SDF launched the al-Shaddadi offensive, followed past the Manbij offensive in May, and the Raqqa and Aleppo offensives in November. These operations extended SDF-controlled territory, unremarkably at ISIL'due south expense.

On 7 April 2016, the Kurdish neighborhood of Sheikh Maqsood in Aleppo was shelled with mortars that may have contained chemic agents (160 killed or wounded).[39] [40] Spokesperson for the YPG said that Saudi Arabia-backed Jaysh al-Islam (Regular army of Islam) rebel group has attacked the Kurdish neighborhood of Aleppo with "forbidden weapons" many times since the war's start.[41]

2018: Turkish military intervention [edit]

Women's Protection Units [edit]

Women'southward Protection Units in November 2014

The Women'due south Protection Units (YPJ), too known equally the Women's Defense Units, is the YPG's female brigade, which was set upwards in 2012. Kurdish media have said that YPJ troops became vital during the siege of Kobanî.[42] Consisting of approximately 20,000 fighters, they make up around 40% of the YPG.[43]

Organization [edit]

Flags [edit]

Vertical red flag of the YPG, used since 2011 until early 2013

Horizontal red flag of the YPG, used since 2011 until early 2013

Variant of the horizontal crimson flag, besides used until early 2013

Yellow flag of the YPG, first used since late 2012, widely adopted in 2013 and since then the official flag of the militia

Units [edit]

In 2017, the YPG began to form units called regiments in translation, though they are smaller than comparable units in standard militaries:

County Number Name Engagement Established Strength
Afrin i Martyr Xebat Dêrik 27 Feb 2017 236 in iv battalions
Afrin 2 Martyr Afrin twenty April 2017 235
Afrin iii Martyr Rojhilet Early June? 2017 236
Afrin iv Martyr Mazloum 2 July 2017 234
Afrin v Martyr Alişêr 27 August 2017 303
Afrin vii Martyr Jayan 23 Oct 2017 250
Afrin eight Martyr Bahoz Afrin xviii Nov 2017 234
Canton Number Proper noun Date Established Strength
Kobane 1 ? 13 Feb 2017 80
Kobane 2 Martyr Şevger Kobanî Regiment 18 Feb 2017 ninety
Jazira – al-Hasakah 1 Jian Judy and Dogan Fadel 20 July 2017 500
Jazira – Girkê Legê 3 Qereçox Martyrs 12 July 2017 200
Aleppo 1 Martyr Shahid Baqour 30 Sep 2017 55 (Martyr Abu Shayar battalion)
Tabqa (SDF) 1 Martyr Haboun Arab 14 Nov 2017 250

Tactics [edit]

According to a written report in IHS Jane'due south regarding the YPG,

Relying on speed, stealth, and surprise, it is the archetypal guerrilla army, able to deploy chop-chop to front lines and concentrate its forces before speedily redirecting the axis of its assail to outflank and deadfall its enemy. The fundamental to its success is autonomy. Although operating under an overarching tactical rubric, YPG brigades are inculcated with a high degree of freedom and can conform to the changing battlefield.[44]

The YPG relies heavily on snipers and backs them past suppressing enemy burn down using mobile heavy machine guns. It also uses roadside bombs to prevent outflanking maneuvers, particularly at night. Its lines accept generally held when attacked by Islamic Land of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) forces who have improve equipment, including helmets and body armor.[45]

The YPG and People'due south Defense Forces (HPG) have also trained and equipped more than 1,000 Yazidis, who operate in the Mount Sinjar area every bit local defense units under their supervision.[45]

The YPG calls itself a people'south ground forces, and therefore appoints officers by internal elections.[46]

A 20-yr-old female YPJ fighter named Zlukh Hamo (Nom de guerre: Avesta Khabur) was reported to take carried out a suicide set on towards Turkish troops and a tank during the early phase of the Afrin Offensive, killing herself and several soldiers in the process.[47] [48] The assail was commended past pro-SDF sources as a mettlesome assail against a tank using explosives, which killed her in the process.[49]

Equipment [edit]

Compared to other factions engaged in the Syrian Civil war, the YPG has not received significant foreign help in the course of weapons and military machine equipment. According to the YPG, circumstances led to their capture of less equipment from the Syrian Ground forces than other opposition groups did. The figures are estimates merely based on the rest canvas that the YPG regularly publishes of its activities.[50]

International outreach [edit]

Strange volunteers [edit]

Ex–U.S. Army soldier Jordan Matson was among the first strange volunteers of the YPG. Injured by an ISIL suicide bomb, he developed the "Lions of Rojava" recruitment entrada for strange volunteers,[51] launched on 21 Oct 2014 on Facebook.[52] More 400 volunteers from Europe, the Americas and Australia have joined the YPG every bit of 11 June 2015[update],[53] including at least x U.S. volunteers, 3 of which were U.S. Ground forces veterans.[54] [55] [56] [57] People from both Mainland china and the Chinese diaspora have also joined.[58]

Other prominent foreign volunteers accept included Brace Belden, Macer Gifford,[59] Ryan Lock,[sixty] Michael Israel,[61] Nazzarno Tassone,[62] Dean Evans,[63] Jac Holmes,[64] Konstandinos Erik Scurfield,[65] Anna Campbell, Lorenzo Orsetti and Haukur Hilmarsson.

Dozens of not-Kurdish Turks (from both Turkey and the European diaspora) have also joined.[54] The Turkish Marxist-Leninist Communist Party (MLKP) has been sending volunteers to fight in the YPG since 2012. At least 4 have been killed in boxing as of February 2015—one during the Battle of Ras al-Ayn and three during the siege of Kobanî. The party released a video in belatedly January 2015 showing several Spanish- and German language-speaking volunteers from Europe amid its ranks in Jazira Canton; they were reorganised into the International Freedom Battalion on 10 June 2015.[66]

Deaths [edit]

During the fight against ISIL and the defense of Afrin against the Turkish state, several of the international volunteers were wounded and killed. The Icelandic Haukur Hilmarsson, aged 31, was killed on 24 February 2018 in an arms attack by the Turkish ground forces in the village of Mabeta, Afrin.[67] As a YPJ fighter, the British adult female Anna Campbell, 26, from Lewes in Eastward Sussex, was killed in a Turkish airstrike in Afrin on 15 March 2018.[68] In the battle of Al-Baghuz Fawqani, an Italian human being fighting for the YPG, Lorenzo Orsetti, was killed on Sunday, 17 March 2019.[69]

Politics [edit]

While most countries practise not object in principle to their citizens joining the ranks of the YPG, Turkey has been vocal against YPG's foreign recruits.[70]

Several Australians, including former trade unionist and politician Matthew Gardiner,[71] accept been involved with the YPG despite threats past Australia to prosecute any citizens involved in the Syrian Civil War.[72] Under Australian law it is a criminal offence to fight with whatever side in a foreign disharmonize.[73]

In 2017, Turkish court sentenced two Czech nationals to more than than half-dozen years in prison for their reported ties to the YPG.[74] In Germany, the YPG leads to controversies equally it is upwards to the police to begin a prosecution for showing a YPG flag.[75] In the state of Bavaria, fines for showing a YPG flag are issued, while the federal government declares that the YPG is not forbidden.[76]

Foreign government support [edit]

Considering the YPG operates in a landlocked territory, rival opposition groups every bit well every bit the Turkish and Syrian authorities were able to physically forestall strange aid from reaching it. The YPG's seizure of Til Koçer in Oct 2013 (cf. in a higher place) created an overland connection to more than or less friendly groups in Republic of iraq, but could not change the fifty-fifty more cardinal problem, that the YPG had no allies willing to provide equipment.

U.s. [edit]

In August 2014 Mazlum Kobanî led negotiations with the US in Sulaymaniya, which led to a armed services brotherhood against ISIL.[77] The The states provided the YPG with air back up during the siege of Kobanî[78] and during later campaigns, helping the YPG defend territory against attacks by the Islamic Land.[79] Turkey has criticised US support.[80]

The YPG likewise received 27 bundles totalling 24 tons of small-scale artillery and armament and x tons of medical supplies from the Usa and Iraqi Kurdistan during the siege of Kobanî.[81]

On 11 Oct 2015, the Usa began an operation to airdrop 120 tons of military supplies to the YPG and its local Arab and Turkmen allies to fight ISIL north of Raqqa. The first airdrop consisted of 112 pallets of armament and "other items like manus grenades", totaling 50 tons.[82] All the same, statements from the US that the assist did not comprise TOW's or anti-shipping weapons made it clear that the U.S. continued to accept serious regard for the interests of Turkey, which has warned confronting continued US support for the YPG. On the other manus, the US also supported Islamist rebel groups who fought the YPG. During the Battle of Aleppo, the United states-backed Mountain Hawks Brigade battled the YPG and the Army of Revolutionaries for control of the village of Maryamin.[83]

Us assist to the YPG continued in late October with the deployment of upward to 50 US special forces to assistance the YPG, and an enhanced air campaign to support the YPG and local militia groups in their fight confronting ISIS.[84] [85] Some of these special forces participated in the al-Shaddadi offensive (2016) and coordinated airstrikes against ISIL.[86]

During the Boxing of Tabqa (2017), YPG special forces were equipped with U.s.-supplied combat helmets, AN/PVS-7 night vision devices, flashlights, and were armed with M4 carbines equipped with AN/PEQ-two laser sights, holographic weapon sights, and STANAG magazines.[87]

On 9 May 2017, it was announced by the Pentagon that American President Donald Trump approved of a program that would have the United States straight provide heavy armaments to the major SDF component group, the YPG; the programme comes before a planned final offensive to capture Raqqa from ISIL.[88] [89] [90]

Russia [edit]

With Russia'south entrance into the war in late 2015 backing the Syrian government, some reports accept reported that the YPG coordinated with or received weapons from Russian federation, with rival opposition groups stating that the timing and targeting of Russian airstrikes were "suspiciously advantageous" to the Kurdish militias.[91]

Despite this, YPG officials have said they did not cooperate with Russian federation.[92] However, in July 2019, Rashid Abu Khawla the head of the Syrian Democratic Forces' Deir ez-Zor Military machine Council stated that the Syrian Democratic Forces had cooperated with Russian federation.[93]

Diplomatic relations [edit]

Russia's position towards the YPG is not articulate, and the The states actively supports it, but their diplomatic relations with the PYD are the reverse. In Jan 2016 Russian federation pushed for the inclusion of the PYD in the Geneva talks.[94] The YPG would similar to open a representative branch in the US, but in March 2016 interview its leader unsaid that information technology was not allowed to practise so.[95]

In February, 2018, USA'due south Director of National Intelligence in the Trump administration described YPG as the Syrian wing of PKK in its new report.[96]

International media outreach [edit]

The YPG's printing office media operation has been a particular focus of its opponents, with Turkey bombing its premises in Cizire Canton in Apr 2017,[97] and the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) singling out its bounds in Raqqa for a raid during the late stages of the Battle of Raqqa in September 2017.[98]

Allegations concerning violations of international law and war crimes [edit]

Accusations of indigenous cleansing and forced displacements [edit]

In June 2015 the Turkish government stated that the YPG was carrying out an indigenous cleansing as role of a plan to join the Jazira and Kobanî cantons into a single territory.[99]

The U.S. Land Department reacted by starting an inquiry into the allegations.[100]

In October 2015, Immunity International published a report[101] with reports that the YPG had driven at to the lowest degree 100 families from northern Syrian arab republic and that in the villages of Asaylem and Husseiniya it had demolished resident homes. The written report was made by Immunity visiting the area contained in the report. It fabricated local observations of destruction, and collected testimonies from quondam and actual residents of al-Hasakeh and Raqqa governorates. It institute cases of YPG fighters forcibly displacing residents and using fire and bulldozers to raze homes and other structures.[102] [103]

In a written report published by the United Nations' Independent International Commission of Enquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic on ten March 2017, the Commission refuted Immunity International'due south reports of indigenous cleansing, stating that "'though allegations of 'ethnic cleansing' continued to be received during the period under review, the Committee found no evidence to substantiate reports that YPG or SDF forces ever targeted Arab communities on the footing of ethnicity."[104] [105] [106] Forced displacement of civilians and devastation of noncombatant property is non a war offense per se. These acts only get a war crime when there is no "imperative armed forces necessity" for them. Amnesty International stated the report documents cases in which there was no such justification.[107] [ dead link ] It furthermore states that "the circumstances of some of these displacements suggested that they were carried out in retaliation for people's perceived sympathies with, or family ties to, suspected members of ISIL or other armed groups",[107] thus constituting "collective penalization, which is a violation of international humanitarian police".

In interviews, YPG spokespersons best-selling that a number of families were in fact displaced. Notwithstanding, they placed the number at no more 25, and stated military necessity.[108] They stated that the family members of terrorists maintained communications with them, and therefore had to be removed from areas where they might pose a danger.[108] They further stated that ISIL was using civilians in those areas to institute motorcar bombs or conduct out other attacks on the YPG.[109] By describing the events in Hammam al-Turkman before the village was evacuated, the Amnesty International report itself inadvertently supports these YPG reports of military necessity.[110]

Recruitment of minors [edit]

In June 2014, Human Rights Watch criticized the YPG for accepting minors into their ranks, picking up on multiple earlier reports of teenage fighters serving in the YPG, with a report by the United Nations Secretary General stating that 24 minors under age of eighteen had been recruited by YPG, compared to 124 having been recruited past the Gratuitous Syrian Army and v by the Syrian Arab Army.[111] In response, the YPG and YPJ signed the Geneva Call Deed of Commitment protecting children in armed conflict, prohibiting sexual violence and against gender bigotry in July 2014,[112] and Kurdish security forces (YPG and Asayish) began receiving human rights grooming from Geneva Telephone call and other international organisations with the YPG pledging publicly to demobilize all fighters under 18 within a calendar month and began to enact disciplinary measures against commanders of the units that had involved in corruption and accepting recruit under age of 18 to their ranks.[113] [114] In October 2015 the YPG demobilized 21 minors from the armed forces service in its ranks.[115]

According to the annual Un report of 2018,[116] [117] there were 224 cases of child recruitment by the YPG and its women's unit, the YPJ, in 2017, an well-nigh fivefold increase from the previous year. This sparked immediate conversations with the anti-child-recruitment NGO Geneva Phone call which resulted in a broad new military directive strictly prohibiting all recruitment of persons nether xviii, ordering that any such persons within SDF exist immediately removed from the payroll and transferred to the custody of the civilian Authority For Education, mandating the appointment of an ombudsman in each armed services service to receive and investigate reports of kid recruitment, and ordering punitive measures by military machine constabulary and past the SDF'southward Military Bailiwick Section against anyone found to be responsible for child recruitment. Geneva Telephone call immediately praised the SDF's wide-ranging initiative to eliminate and preclude child recruitment throughout all of SDF's military machine organizations.[118]

In 2020, United Nations reported YPG/YPJ equally the largest faction in the Syrian civil war past the number of recruited child soldiers, with 283 kid soldiers followed past Hayat Tahrir al-Sham with 245 child soldiers.[119]

On 15 July 2020, SDF issued a new armed forces order prohibiting child recruitment. The NGO Fight For Humanity conducted multiple grooming sessions with hundreds of SDF commanders about the UN-SDF Action Plan To Prevent Child Recruitment, and distributed informational posters and flyers about it written in both Arabic and Kurdish, as part of an ongoing educational process. Syria-based researcher Thomas McClure observed that "SDF are less likely to engage in such practices than whatever of the other forces in Syrian arab republic, just seek to hold themselves to a college standard of accountability and human rights."[120]

On 29 Baronial 2020, SDF appear the creation of a new organisation that anyone can use to confidentially report to specialized Child Protection offices whatsoever suspected case of child recruitment, in accordance with the action plan that the SDF signed with the United Nations in the summer of 2019.[121] [122]

On 23 Apr 2021, the UN released its third report on child recruitment in Syria, noting that the SDF'southward activity plan had resulted in a significant subtract in kid recruitment (from 216 cases in early 2019 to just 41 cases in early 2020), but that elsewhere in Syrian arab republic, child recruitment connected to be systematic and widespread within Syrian regime and non-regime armed forces.[123]

Encounter as well [edit]

  • International Freedom Battalion
  • Kurdish Front
  • Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)
  • Party of Free Life of Kurdistan (PJAK)
  • Peshmerga
  • Sutoro
  • YPG–FSA relations
  • AANES–Syria relations
  • List of armed groups in the Syrian Civil State of war

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b c "Armed Kurds Surround Syrian Security Forces in Qamishli". Rudaw. 22 July 2012. Archived from the original on 24 July 2012. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
  2. ^ "PYD announces surprise interim government in Syria's Kurdish regions". Rudaw. thirteen November 2013. Retrieved 9 Oct 2014.
  3. ^ Rashid (2018), p. 16.
  4. ^ Barfi, Barak (April 2016). "Rise of the PYD and the SDF". Washington Found for About East Policy.
  5. ^ Cook, Steven A. (25 February 2016). "Who Exactly Are 'the Kurds'?". The Atlantic . Retrieved 16 Feb 2017.
  6. ^ "Kurdish Forces Eternalize Assad in Aleppo". Washington Institute for Near Eastward Policy. 29 July 2016. Retrieved 17 March 2017.
  7. ^ "Turkey v Syrian arab republic's Kurds v Islamic Country". BBC. 23 August 2016.
  8. ^ "US troops wearing YPG patches in Syria". Business Insider. 27 May 2016.
  9. ^ "Syrian terrorist list produces 163 names and no understanding". Reuters. 16 January 2018.
  10. ^ "UA 15/05 Torture and ill-handling/ possible unfair trial" (PDF). Amnesty International.
  11. ^ Gold, Danny (31 October 2012). "See the YPG, the Kurdish militia that doesn't want help from anyone". VICE . Retrieved 9 October 2014. A member of YPG's cardinal command … said that the YPG formed in 2004 before long after the Qamishlo riots, when a number of Kurdish youth realized that they needed to exist able to defend themselves more than efficiently. They did not officially declare themselves until the revolution started in 2011.
  12. ^ Ayboga, Flach and Knapp, Ercan, Anja and Michael (2016). Revolution in Rojava; Democratic Autonomy and Women's liberation in Syrian Kurdistan. London, Great britain: Pluto Printing. p. 51. ISBN9780745336596.
  13. ^ YPG. "About Us". ypgrojava.org . Retrieved 26 May 2019.
  14. ^ "Arabs Across Syria Bring together the Kurdish-Led Syrian Democratic Forces". MERIP. 28 July 2020.
  15. ^ "Kurds Give Ultimatum to Syrian Security Forces". Rudaw. 21 July 2012. Retrieved 9 October 2014.
  16. ^ "The Kurdish Protection Units have formed a new brigade in the Al–Bab region". Scientia Humana. 4 December 2012. Archived from the original on 8 Jan 2013. Retrieved eighteen December 2013. Kurdish Data Center
  17. ^ "Kurds expel jihadists from flashpoint Syrian town: NGO". Al-Ahram Weekly. AFP. 17 July 2013. Retrieved xiii February 2015.
  18. ^ International Crisis Grouping (8 May 2014). "Flight of Icarus? The PYD's Precarious Rise in Syria" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 February 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2016. While rebel groups from beyond the ideological spectrum have clashed with the PYD, jihadi and Salafi groups have done so near aggressively and consistently
  19. ^ "YPG Commander: Kurds Are Bulwark Confronting Islamic Extremism in Syria". Rudaw. 22 July 2013. Retrieved 9 October 2014.
  20. ^ International Crisis Grouping (eight May 2014). "Flight of Icarus? The PYD'south Precarious Ascension in Syria" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 February 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2016. The PYD's growing influence largely has come at the expense of other Kurdishgroups. In particular, it has prevented emergence of new, rival militias while forcing existing ones to cooperate with or bring together PYD forces on their terms
  21. ^ International Crisis Grouping (viii May 2014). "Flight of Icarus? The PYD's Precarious Rise in Syria" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 Feb 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2016. Crisis Group interview, Erbil, four July 2013: Intensified Islamist attacks in Kurdish areas shifted Kurdish public stance toward the PYD. A resident of Tell Tamr, a partly Kurdish town targeted by armed Islamist groups, said, "in the aftermath of the boxing of Ras al-Ayn, Islamists entered Tell Tamr. They began kidnapping and killing Kurds. I am non a YPG supporter, and I will never be. But if it weren't for the YPG, not a unmarried Kurd would exist left in the [al-] Jazeera region". Crunch Grouping interview, Erbil, July 2013. A journalist working for a pro-KDP aqueduct commented: "I was the almost critical person against the PYD. But at the moment, I have to admit that they are saving the people from the worst".
  22. ^ International Crisis Group (viii May 2014). "Flight of Icarus? The PYD's Precarious Rise in Syrian arab republic" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 February 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2016. At the aforementioned time, Ankara turned a blind middle to the Islamist fighters crossing from Turkey into Syria, viewing them – in addition to helping bring down the Assad regime – as potential counterweights to the PYD. The strategy backfired; the PYD not just gained territory, but also bolstered its entreatment among Kurds every bit their but protector from jihadis. In September 2013, a Turkish official acknowledged: 'We made the PYD stronger past trying to undermine it'
  23. ^ Northward. Abboud, Samer (12 November 2015). Syria. John Wiley & Sons. p. 116. ISBN978-0-7456-9801-four.
  24. ^ "Kurdish Woman Leading Battle Against Islamic State in Kobane: Activists". NDTV. 2014. Retrieved 23 March 2016.
  25. ^ "Woman leads Kurds in battle against Islamic Land in Kobane: activists". Sydney Forenoon Herald . Retrieved 23 March 2016.
  26. ^ "Kurdish adult female leads fight against ISIS in Kobane". Retrieved 23 March 2016.
  27. ^ a b "YPG takes command of Til Koçer". Firat News Agency. 27 Oct 2013. Archived from the original on ix December 2013.
  28. ^ "FSA and YPG cooperate confronting ISIL militants in Syria's Tel Abyad". ARA News. 12 May 2014. Archived from the original on 8 October 2014. Retrieved ix October 2014.
  29. ^ "YPG and FSA form a joint military bedchamber to combat ISIS in Syrian arab republic". ARA News. 12 September 2014. Archived from the original on 14 Oct 2014. Retrieved 9 Oct 2014.
  30. ^ "U.South. armed forces: Airstrikes against ISIS won't save primal city of Kobani". CNN. 9 October 2014. Retrieved 5 November 2016.
  31. ^ "KURDISH YPG AND JABHAT AL-SHAMIYA Agreement ON JUDICIARY COOPERATION IN ALEPPO". Syrian Rebellion Observatory. 5 February 2015.
  32. ^ van Wilgenburg, Wladimir. "Refworld | Kurdish Strategy Towards Ethnically-Mixed Areas in the Syrian Conflict". Refworld. Jamestown Foundation. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
  33. ^ "Is Tal Abyad a turning bespeak for Syria's Kurds?". BBC News. 16 June 2015. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
  34. ^ Pitarakis, Lefteris; Mroue, Bassem (14 June 2015). "Thousands of Syrians flee into Turkey amid intense fighting". AP. Thousands of Syrians cutting through a edge argue and crossed over into Turkey … fleeing intense fighting … betwixt Kurdish fighters and jihadis.
  35. ^ Abadi, Cameron. "Why Is Turkey Fighting Syria'south Kurds?". Foreign Policy . Retrieved 4 March 2020.
  36. ^ "Declaration of establishment by Syrian Democratic Forces". Kurdish Question. 15 October 2015. Archived from the original on 24 February 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2015.
  37. ^ "U.S.-backed alliance captures primal dam from Islamic State – alliance spokesman". Reuters. 28 December 2015. Colonel Talal Selo ... said the rapid advance overnight past thousands of troops from the Democratic Forces of Syria had brought the dam ... nether their control on Saturday.... Selo said ... the latest round of fighting ... involved several thousand fighters from the Democratic Forces of Syrian arab republic with heavy armour.
  38. ^ "Photos of Tishrin Dam, Liberated from ISIS". 1 Feb 2016. Tishrin is an incredible dam, not to the lowest degree of all because of the fact that it sits cradled in a cute lush valley, in an otherwise dry and barren state. Just as well because of what Tishrin implies for the people of Rojava who take survived for the by 2 years under incredible economical and political atmospheric condition, exacerbated significantly past lack of access to water and electricity which Tishrin provides.
  39. ^ "MAPPING MILITANT ORGANIZATIONS: Jaish al-Islam". Stanford Academy. 31 Baronial 2017.
  40. ^ "Middle Eastward Concerns grow well-nigh abuses, war crimes in Syria". Deutsche Welle. 25 May 2016.
  41. ^ "Syrian rebels admit chemical utilize confronting Kurds". Kurdistan 24. 9 Apr 2016.
  42. ^ Trieb, Erin (Baronial 2014). "Run into the Kurdish Women Fighting ISIS in Syria". NBC News. Retrieved xix March 2016.
  43. ^ Moritz Baumstieger (9 November 2016). "Profil – Rojda Felat. Kommandeurin der Offensive gegen den IS in Raqqa und Bismarck-Fan. [Contour – Rojda Felat. Commander of the offensive confronting the IS in Raqqa and Bismarck-Fan]" (in German language). Süddeutsche Zeitung. Retrieved one Jan 2017.
  44. ^ "404 mistake – This is not the page y'all requested". Janes.com.
  45. ^ a b Stephens, Michael (11 September 2014). "Analysis: YPG – The Islamic State'southward worst enemy". IHS Jane's 360 . Retrieved 13 March 2016.
  46. ^ Ahmad, Rozh (6 August 2012). "A rare glimpse into Kurdish armed forces in Syrian Kurdistan". Ekurd.net. Erbil, Iraq.
  47. ^ Nordland, Rod (28 January 2018). "Female Kurdish Fighter Kills Turkish Troops in Likely Suicide Bombing in Syria". The New York Times.
  48. ^ "Turkish troops targeted in Afrin suicide assail". Arab News. 30 January 2018. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
  49. ^ "Kurdish female person fighter detonates herself to destroy a Turkish tank in Afrin, statement". Rudaw . Retrieved 18 June 2021.
  50. ^ "Balance of the War Against Hostile Groups in Rojava, Northern Syrian arab republic: Year 2015". 23 March 2016. Archived from the original on 26 January 2016. Retrieved 23 March 2016.
  51. ^ Jennifer Percy (30 September 2015). "Meet the American Vigilantes Who Are Fighting ISIS". The New York Times . Retrieved 15 Dec 2015.
  52. ^ "Kobani Kurds Utilize Facebook To Recruit Foreign Fighters in Struggle Against IS". Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty. 13 Nov 2014. Retrieved fifteen November 2014.
  53. ^ "SOHR". Syriahr.com. 11 June 2015. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
  54. ^ a b "Western "comrades" join Kurds, Arabs, secularists, Yezidis, and Syriac Christians confronting Islamic Land". Your Center East. 29 October 2014. Retrieved xiii Feb 2015.
  55. ^ "Exclusive: American explains why he's fighting ISIL". Usa Today. seven October 2014. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
  56. ^ "The Us volunteers who fight with Syrian arab republic's Kurds". BBC. 23 October 2014. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
  57. ^ "A Divorced Male parent-of-Ii from Ohio Is Fighting the Islamic State in Syria". Vice News. 23 October 2014. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
  58. ^ "The Chinese man fighting Islamic State with the YPG". BBC News. 8 December 2015.
  59. ^ "British ex-trader who fought Isil describes escape from Syria". Telegraph.co.uk. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
  60. ^ Blake, Matt (2 January 2017). "Briton killed while fighting against Isis in Syria". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
  61. ^ Arab, The New. "Foreign volunteers fighting with Syrian-Kurdish forces killed 'past Turkey'". alaraby . Retrieved 24 March 2017.
  62. ^ "Canadian human being killed while fighting ISIS in Syria | Globalnews.ca".
  63. ^ Blake, Matt (29 October 2016). "'It wasn't about killing people': what drove a British farmer to the Syrian frontline?". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
  64. ^ "Three strange YPG volunteers released from jail, going home". rudaw . Retrieved 24 March 2017.
  65. ^ "Kurds pay tribute to 'hero' Erik Scurfield on anniversary of death". BBC News. 5 March 2017. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
  66. ^ "Enternasyonal devrimciler: Her dilden devrimi savunuyoruz" (in Turkish). Etkin Haber Ajansı. 28 January 2015. Archived from the original on ii March 2015. Retrieved eleven February 2015.
  67. ^ "Internationalists martyred in Rojava remembered in Greece". ANF News.
  68. ^ Blake, Matt (19 March 2018). "British woman killed fighting Turkish forces in Afrin" – via www.theguardian.com.
  69. ^ "Syrian fighters 'overrun IS encampment'". BBC News. xix March 2019. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
  70. ^ Metin Gurcan (28 June 2017). "Turkey increasingly vocal confronting YPG'south strange recruits". Al-Monitor. Archived from the original on 29 September 2017. Retrieved 28 September 2017.
  71. ^ "Matthew Gardiner confirmed to be fighting Islamic Land with Kurds". NTNews. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
  72. ^ "Australian man defends his actions fighting against Islamic Country". Xinhua (Beijing). xi June 2015. Sometime international inferior bench press champion Ashley Dyball … wrote on Facebook, 'The southward--- you run into hither is nada similar yous meet on the bias news reports, the Islamic state must be stopped and if it ways I can't come home f--- it.' … Dyball faces prosecution if he returns.
  73. ^ Lauren Williams. "Awkward contradictions in Australian strange-fighter laws". lowyinterpreter.org . Retrieved 29 November 2015.
  74. ^ "Turkish Supreme Court upholds six-year verdict imposed on two Czechs". Radio Praha. 24 July 2018.
  75. ^ Peter, Erik (16 October 2019). "Kurdische Symbole in Deutschland: Rechtslage? Mal so, mal so". Die Tageszeitung: taz (in High german). ISSN 0931-9085. Retrieved ane March 2020.
  76. ^ "Ist das Zeigen einer YPG-Fahne strafbar?". ANF News (in German language). Retrieved ane March 2020.
  77. ^ Wright, Robin (4 Apr 2019). "How Trump Betrayed the General Who Defeated ISIS". The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X. Retrieved v April 2019.
  78. ^ "Kobane: Air strikes assist Syria boondocks curb IS". BBC News. BBC News. 8 October 2014. Retrieved xiv December 2016.
  79. ^ Weaver, Matthew; Borger, Julian (1 December 2015). "Syrian arab republic airstrikes: everything yous need to know". The Guardian . Retrieved 14 December 2016.
  80. ^ "Turkey's Erdogan denounces US support for Syrian Kurds". BBC News. BBC News. 10 February 2016. Retrieved fourteen December 2016.
  81. ^ "PUKmedia یەکێتیی نیشتمانیی کوردستان". pukmedia.com.
  82. ^ "U.South. delivers 50 tons of ammunition to Syria rebel groups". 12 October 2015. Retrieved 1 February 2016.
  83. ^ "YPG, allies clash with Syrian opposition groups in Aleppo". Eye Eastward Centre. 29 November 2015.
  84. ^ Steele, Jonathan (3 December 2015). "The Syrian Kurds are winning!". New York Review of Books. Turkey had told ... the U.s.a. that YPG forces would non be permitted to proceed beyond the Euphrates. In an apparent rebuke ... Kerry [said]: "We're … enhancing our air entrada in order to help drive Da'esh, which once dominated the Syria–Turkey border, out of the concluding seventy-mile stretch..." Review of Out of Nowhere: The Kurds of Syria in Peace and War, by Michael M. Gunter.
  85. ^ "'Obama orders U.s. special forces to 'assist' fight against Isis in Syria '". 30 October 2015. Retrieved 1 February 2016.
  86. ^ "Sectional: Interethnic coalition takes on the IS group in Syria". France 24. 22 April 2016 – via YouTube.
  87. ^ Shawn Snow (vii May 2017). "Syrian Kurds are now armed with sensitive U.s.a. weaponry, and the Pentagon denies supplying information technology". Military Times.
  88. ^ "Trump to Arm Syrian Kurds, Fifty-fifty as Turkey Strongly Objects". New York Times. nine May 2017.
  89. ^ "In blow to U.S.-Turkey ties, Trump administration approves plan to arm Syrian Kurds against Islamic State". Washington Post. 9 May 2017.
  90. ^ "Trump OKs arms for Syrian Kurds, despite Turkish objections". ABC News. 9 May 2017. Archived from the original on 9 May 2017.
  91. ^ "Britain says uneasy after bear witness of Kurdish coordination with Syrian arab republic and Russia". Reuters Uk. 23 February 2016. Retrieved nineteen March 2016.
  92. ^ "Kurdish fighters in Aleppo deny receiving Russian war machine support". ARA News. Archived from the original on 28 March 2016. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
  93. ^ "Abu Khawla: We coordinate with Russian federation and I brought thousands of opposition fighters to our areas". npasyria.com.
  94. ^ "Russian federation: Kurds should be included in Geneva talks". Rudaw. Retrieved 20 March 2016.
  95. ^ "Salih Muslim: Time Has Proved United states of america Right". The Kurdistan Tribune. 16 March 2016. Retrieved xx March 2016. The West is fully aware that the Syrian Autonomous Forces are an important and reliable active on the ground, hence the military support. Unfortunately, they have non nevertheless approached us at a political level while they go on their ties with Saudi arabia, Turkey ... Nonetheless, we do hope political relations to materialize amongst united states in the future.
  96. ^ Director of National Intelligence, Worldwide threat cess of the United states intelligence community, 13 February 2018. Quote: "The Kurdish People's Protection Unit of measurement—the Syrian militia of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)—probably will seek some form of autonomy but will face resistance from Russia, Iran, and Turkey."
  97. ^ "Turkey air strikes on Kurds in Syria and Republic of iraq spark Us business". BBC News. BBC News. 25 April 2017.
  98. ^ Matt Blake (27 September 2017). "British movie-maker killed by Isis militants in Syria". The Guardian.
  99. ^ "Turkey accuses Kurdish forces of 'ethnic cleansing' in Syria". Agence French republic-Presse. xvi June 2015. President Recep Tayyip Erdogan on Dominicus said he was troubled by the advance of Kurdish forces, saying they could in the future create a structure to threaten Turkey.
  100. ^ Saeed, Yerevan (14 October 2015). "U.s.a. voices concern over allegations of rights violations by YPG". Rudaw. Retrieved 20 Oct 2015. We'll look closely at all these accusations to make up one's mind whether there's any veracity to the claims ... We call on those who actually are or will participate in administering these areas to do and so inclusively and with respect for all groups regardless of ethnicity
  101. ^ "We had nowhere else to get, Forced displacement and demolition in northern Syria" (PDF). October 2015. In July and August 2015 Amnesty International investigated the forced displacement of residents from 10 villages and towns in areas nether the control of the Democratic Administration
  102. ^ "Syria: The states ally's razing of villages amounts to war crimes". Amnesty International. thirteen October 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
  103. ^ "Syrian arab republic Kurds 'razing villages seized from IS' – Immunity". BBC News. 13 Oct 2015. Of 225 buildings visible [in Husseiniya] in June 2014, merely 14 were nonetheless continuing by June 2015.
  104. ^ "Syria and Islamist groups guilty of war crimes, YPG cleared: UN report". Kom News. 15 March 2017. Archived from the original on 17 March 2017.
  105. ^ Antonopoulos, Paul (15 March 2017). "Un study counters Immunity International's merits that Kurds are ethnically cleansing in Syria". Retrieved 9 May 2017.
  106. ^ "Un report refutes ethnic cleansing claims against Syrian Kurdish YPG, SDF". fourteen March 2017. Retrieved 9 May 2017.
  107. ^ a b "Nosotros had nowhere else to go, Forced displacement and demolition in northern Syria" (PDF). October 2015. The circumstances of some of the instances of forced displacement documented in this report suggest that they were carried out in retaliation for people's perceived sympathies with, or family unit ties to, suspected members of IS or other armed groups. This would constitute collective punishment, which is a violation of international humanitarian law. [ dead link ]
  108. ^ a b "We had nowhere else to go, Forced displacement and demolition in northern Syria" (PDF). Immunity International. October 2015. p. 28. Retrieved 20 October 2021. In some dangerous areas there are some specific cases that are very pocket-size, resulting from the terrorist threat, where families were sent away from the area ... Simply 25 families were forced to leave across Rojava ... (They are told) 'Folks, remove your things please, and if you get out from this expanse until the war ends information technology will be a good thing ...' You have terrorists in al-Raqqa and their families – the uncle, and blood brother, and sis – are here, and they are in advice, giving them information. We were forced to altitude these families. Non detain them. Altitude them. Take them exterior of the area. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  109. ^ "Nosotros had nowhere else to go, Forced displacement and demolition in northern Syria" (PDF). Amnesty International. October 2015. p. 29. Retrieved 20 Oct 2021. He added that IS was benefiting from the presence of civilians in these areas, and using them to plant auto bombs or behave out other attacks on the YPG. {{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: url-condition (link)
  110. ^ "We had nowhere else to go, Forced deportation and demolition in northern Syria" (PDF). Amnesty International. October 2015. p. 17. After the YPG took the village, on 15 June, a motorcar bomb killed 3 YPG fighters 4 km from Hammam al-Turkman at a checkpoint in Damishli. The post-obit twenty-four hours there were skirmishes betwixt the YPG and IS in the hamlet earlier IS was pushed back. A second machine bomb went off at a YPG checkpoint at the health clinic in the village on 18 June killing a YPG fighter and injuring one noncombatant and iii days after IS shot and killed a 2d YPG fighter nigh the clinic. It was after the death of this fighter that the residents were told by the YPG that they had to leave the village. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-condition (link)
  111. ^ U.N. Security Council (5 June 2015). Report of the Secretary-General: Children and armed disharmonize (Report). para. 191. Bodily numbers are expected to be higher.... A number of pro-Government groups, including Hizbullah, also reportedly recruited children in pocket-size numbers.
  112. ^ "Syria: four brigades of the Costless Syrian Army commit to prohibit sexual violence and the use of child soldiers [EN/AR] – Syrian Arab Democracy". ReliefWeb.
  113. ^ "Syria: Kurdish Forces Violating Child Soldier Ban Despite Promises, Children Still Fight". Homo Rights Scout. 15 July 2015. Retrieved fifteen July 2015.
  114. ^ Perry, Tom; Malla, Naline (10 September 2015). "Western states train Kurdish force in Syrian arab republic, force's leader says". Reuters. Amnesty International this month faulted the Kurdish administration for arbitrary detentions and unfair trials.... [Ciwan] Ibrahim said ... efforts were underway to improve its human rights tape.... The Geneva Call ... promotes good handling of civilians in war zones...
  115. ^ YPG demobilizes 21 children under the historic period of xviii from the military service in its ranks (Report). Syrian Observatory for Homo Rights. 28 Oct 2015. Archived from the original on 21 November 2015.
  116. ^ "Syria: Armed Group Recruiting Children in Camps". Man Rights Spotter. three August 2018. Retrieved xiv September 2018.
  117. ^ U.Due north. Security Council (sixteen May 2018). Report of the Secretary-General: Children and armed disharmonize (Study). Retrieved 23 October 2019.
  118. ^ van Wilgenburg, Wladimir (7 September 2018). "SDF control problems order banning child recruitment". Kurdistan24. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
  119. ^ "Full general Associates Security Council Seventy-fourth session 70-5th yr Agenda item 66 (a) Promotion and protection of the rights of children" (PDF). United nations. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
  120. ^ van Wilgenburg, Wladimir (15 July 2020). "SDF problems new directives to protect schools, children from military disharmonize". Kurdistan24. Retrieved 17 July 2020.
  121. ^ "SDF announce new mensurate to tackle recruitment of child soldiers". Rudaw. 29 August 2020. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
  122. ^ van Wilgenburg, Wladimir (30 August 2020). "New mechanism allows civilians to report kid recruitment in northeast Syrian arab republic". Kurdistan24.
  123. ^ van Wilgenburg, Wladimir (22 May 2021). "Child recruitment by SDF downwardly significantly since 2019, United nations says". Kurdistan24.

Bibliography [edit]

  • Rashid, Bedir Mulla (2018) [1st pub. 2017]. Military and Security Structures of the Autonomous Administration in Syrian arab republic. Translated by Obaida Hitto. Istanbul: Omran for Strategic Studies. Archived from the original on one July 2018.

External links [edit]

  • People's Defense Units YPG on Facebook

maynardtoodifer.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Defense_Units

0 Response to "Kurdish Armies Are Praised for Fight Agains Isil"

Post a Comment

Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)

Iklan Atas Artikel

Iklan Tengah Artikel 1

Iklan Tengah Artikel 2

Iklan Bawah Artikel